Huwaidah, Ira Kamilia Siti (60449812200); Indriyati (55672456500); Primadona, Indah (56149143100); Dedi (55799993000); Mudzakir, Ahmad (57190073971); Anwar, Budiman (57190940171); Yudianti, Rike (16048700300)
In this study, we aim to design a sustainable hybrid gel thermoelectric system with enhanced ionic thermoelectric performance and mechanical robustness. The hybrid gel was prepared by integrating cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, where tannic acid served as an interfacial strengthener and borax as a crosslinking agent. The incorporation of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) significantly enhances ionic mobility, yielding a Seebeck coefficient of 4.00 mV K−1, a power factor of 115.09 μW m−1 K−2, and an ionic conductivity of 10.35 mS cm−1. Analytical results indicate that ionic diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism governing the improved thermoelectric response. Additionally, the CTC-X gels retain stable mechanical integrity and display self-healing behavior, contributing to multifunctional performance. Overall, this hybrid system demonstrates strong potential as an environmentally friendly thermoelectric material for efficient low-grade heat harvesting. © 2026 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Study Program of Chemistry, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, Indonesia; Research Center for Electronics, National Research and Innovation Agency, KST Sam'aun Samadikun, Bandung, Indonesia
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