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Marateb, Hamid Reza (35759194200); Marrapodi, Maria Maddalena (57221712376); Martinez-Guerra, Bernardo Alfonso (57200441158); Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807); Martorell, Miquel (57211415589); Mary, J Jenifer Florence (60238603900); Marzo, Roy Rillera (57163427600); Marzouk, Sammer (57483835900); Masi, Stefano (57210724180); Mathangasinghe, Yasith (57193006575); Mathur, Medha (57193831433); Mathur, Neeta (57211826204); Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido (36696568300); Matys, Jacek (56674721100); Maude, Richard James (25625222500); Mayaki, Suleiman (57207769112); Mazid, Md Abdul (59157769200); Mazumder, Prosanjit (59659970700); McPhail, Steven M (35234404800); Mediratta, Rishi P (6507995312); Mehari, Medhin (57219441254); Meharwal, Sandeep K (6507464190); Mehto, Subhash (35119085800); Meiring, James (57194712990); Mekene Meto, Tesfahun (58960977200); Meles, Hadush Negash (57209110507); Melese, Addisu (56901393600); Memish, Ziad Ahmed (7005059350); Mendoza, Walter (57216905642); Menezes, Godfred Antony (24401600800); Mengstie, Leweyehu Alemaw (58872378300); Menon, Tara P (59473786000); Meo, Anusha Sultan (57193891668); Mercogliano, Michelangelo (57853422900); Meretoja, Tuomo J (57202554188); Merza, Muayad Aghali (35995884100); Mesfin, Rahwa Adisu (60520495100); Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107); Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege (56069894000); Mettananda, Sachith (58272092100); Metwally, Mohamed M M (59997560700); Mewoabi, Sandrine Donfack D (58642954900); Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900); Michael, Turnwait Otu (57226285713); Michalek, Irmina Maria (56982945900); Michelerio, Andrea (57193871078); Mikrajab, Muhammad Agus Naufal (59258231200); Minervini, Giuseppe (57190170894); Ming, Long Chiau (55745857500); Mirdamadi, Arian (58498083100); Mishra, Vinaytosh (57194019808); Modi, Dhruti (60618602200); Mogus, Lia Solomon (58755935900); Mohamed, Farduus Ibraahim (59941358200); Mohamed, Mona Gamal (57576555400); Mohamed, Mouhand F H (57209007025); Mohamed, Nouh Saad (60271518900); Mohamed Ahmed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien (58727908500); Mohammad, Taj (57196216261); Mohammadi, Abdolreza (57195422041); Mohammadi, Mokhtar (57188972365); Mohammed, Mustapha (58144884000); Mohammed, Omer (60175187600); Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000); Mohammed, Yahaya (57093446900); Mohanta, Yugal Kishore (56015436100); Mohanty, Aroop (57197708985); Mohanty, Siba Sankar (57222475075); Moin, Afrasim (36150119800); Mollaei, Amirabbas (57761324400); Monasta, Lorenzo (7801520497); Moni, Mohammad Ali (35119094400); Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli (57734898600); Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300); Moraga, Paula (46761426800); Morovvati, Mahdis (59175683300); Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100); Morsy, Mahmoud M (58925416200); Mosa, Ahmed A (58190330400); Mosaddeghi Heris, Reza (57771030900); Mosquera, Freiser Eceomo Cruz (57211586020); Mossialos, Elias (7004354602); Mostafa, Shihab (60642342600); Motappa, Rohith (57577479200); Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin (57203634349); Mousnad, Mohamed Awad Abdalaziz (55670477000); Mowafy, Hagar L (57327246000); Mozahheb Yousefi, Kimia (58497019200); Mozart Vieira, Nicollas (60618196100); Mubarak, Rabia (57210636086); Mubarik, Sumaira (57202290474); Mudenda, Steward (57219991081); Mudgal, Shiv Kumar (57215201956); Muhammad, Jibran Sualeh (36739610100); Mukherjee, Sumoni (58955497600); Mukhopadhyay, Amartya (7201817039); Mulatu, Sileshi (57219939158); Mulita, Francesk (57200275021); Munir, Mehnaz (58342477500); Murad, Scherko Hama Law (60706576500); Murillo-Zamora, Efren (55496438100); Musa, Sani (57225357356); Muse, Yahye Hassan (59325480900); Mushtaq, Saima (57208694602); Musoke, David (6507364045); Mustafa, Ghulam (57190395960); Mustapha, Adam (57219967125); Muthu, Sathish (57217850874); Muthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500); Muthusamy, Raman (60705981000); Muvunyi, Claude Mambo (35488404400); Myrzagulova, Syrsulu (58285954300); Myung, Woojae (37099034100); Nabi Foodani, Mahdi (60052993800); Nafei, Ayoub (59126538800); Nagarajan Balachandran, Dhayanithi (60705747700); 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(60706576600); Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari (56382542100); Nayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500); Nchanji, G Takop (57188854163); Ndishimye, Pacifique (56646467500); Nega, Amanuel Tebabal (58296411200); Negash, Abigia Ashenafi (60211341900); Negash, Nini Asfaw Asfaw (57833115600); Negassa, Meti T (57945118200); Negoi, Ionut (57200640014); Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200); Nekliudov, Nikita (57209577892); Nekouei, Omid (57568113300); Nepal, Samata (56549676600); Ngabonziza, Jean Claude Semuto (57191888753); Ngunjiri, Josephine W (57195296110); Nguyen, Cao Duy (59897166100); Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200); Nguyen, Hien Thu (59591627400); Nguyen, Tham Thi (60410578600); Nguyen, Trang (59142352200); Nikoobar, Ali (57580752700); Ningombam, Joenna Devi (57222609235); Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470); Niranjan, Vikram (57216689994); Nisar, Kottakkaran Sooppy (56715663200); Nisar, Muhammad Imran (57191774461); Njei, Basile (55615163600); Nketia, Richmond (60226696600); Nkrumah-Boateng, Princess Afia (59339444600); Nnaji, Chukwudi A (57204873792); Nomura, Shuhei (55632290700); Noor, Hira (60382423500); Noor, Nurulamin M (57201949165); Noumi, Emira (23981013300); Noushad, Mohammed (40262137700); Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi (57218593582); Nshimiyimana, Jean Claude (60317751100); Nugen, Fred (60565304000); Nurfatimah, Nurfatimah (60285726300); Oancea, Bogdan (26658614800); Obaidat, Mohammad (56252880900); Obakachi, Vincent Adeiza (34873093100); Oddi, Fabio Massimo (57217155727); Odediji, Saheed Adeyinka (60088684900); Odetokun, Ismail A (58518431400); Oduro, Michael Safo (57671872600); Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (57200737136); Ogunbadewa, Anthony Jide (57220777273); Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu (57253773900); Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669); Ojasanya, Rasaq A (57573296800); Ojedoyin, Olusegun Olatunji (60563119200); Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R (58566223700); Okeke, Iruka N (6603967776); Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul (56668691000); Okesanya, Olalekan John (58017776900); Okonji, Osaretin Christabel (57222864302); Okunlola, Oluyemi Adewole (57211982319); 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Patel, Shivani (60563760500); Patil, Shankargouda (58278922000); Patni, Mohamed Anas (57196409642); Patoulias, Dimitrios (57038894600); Paudel, Deepak (57207871851); Paudel, Uttam (56600660600); Pawar, Shrikant (56147786800); Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza (24822763100); Peddireddy, Arun Mitra (60706097300); Pekarcikova, Jarmila (32267447200); Pennisi, Flavia (57209249139); Peprah, Prince (57200369019); Peprah Osei, Eric (60175652400); Pereira, Gavin (35091486200); Perez Chacon, Gladymar (57796673200); Perna, Simone (57202419601); Petakh, Pavlo (57475779000); Peter, Olumuyiwa James (59372735200); Peter, Roshni Mary (57211135808); Pigott, David M (55320335600); Piracha, Zahra Zahid (57189084862); Pirera, Edoardo (57226298170); PJ, Shiny (55900997300); Plotnikov, Evgenii (58956985600); Poddighe, Dimitri (14623163000); Poluru, Ramesh (57205250311); Porntaveetus, Thantrira (25947720500); Postma, Maarten J (7006296502); Potani, Isabel (57194471493); Pourasghary, Sajjad (57103655100); Pourghazi, Farzad (57563447100); 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Background: Enteric infectious diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Remarkable global investment has been dedicated to enteric infectious disease prevention and control; however, the shifting global health landscape is testing the continuance of progress. To evaluate the current status and guide future interventions, we present the latest epidemiological estimates of enteric infectious diseases from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 and assess progress towards the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) mortality target of fewer than 20 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years by 2025. Methods: We quantified the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of enteric infectious diseases by age, sex, and year across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. In GBD 2023, the following were considered under the category of enteric infectious diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid), invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella spp (iNTS) infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases. We also examined 15 aetiologies contributing to diarrhoeal diseases. Incidence and prevalence were estimated with DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, drawing on data from systematic reviews, population-based surveys, claims data, and hospital sources. Cause-specific mortality was modelled with Cause of Death Ensemble Modelling based on data from sources including vital registration, mortality surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. Years of life lost and years lived with disability were computed and combined to derive DALYs. For aetiology-specific estimation, population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for 15 pathogens were derived with a counterfactual framework. Point estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated from 250 draws from the posterior distribution. Findings: In 2023, enteric infectious diseases resulted in an estimated 1·27 million (95% UI 0·963–1·68) deaths globally, declining from 3·69 million (3·04–4·56) in 1990. The global age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 74·1 (62·0–92·9) per 100 000 population to 16·4 (12·6–21·3) per 100 000 population during the same period. Diarrhoeal diseases accounted for most deaths in 2023 (1·11 million [0·811–1·54]), followed by enteric fever and iNTS. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa remained the most affected regions in 2023, with 599 000 (441 000–882 000) and 501 000 (373 000–648 000) deaths due to enteric infectious diseases, respectively, predominantly from diarrhoeal disease. Rotavirus was the leading cause of all-age diarrhoeal disease deaths (PAF 16·3% [12·0–21·5]), followed by norovirus (10·2% [2·4–17·0]) and Shigella spp (9·3% [5·4–15·2]). Among children younger than 5 years, PAFs of deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases were 40·2% (32·5–48·5) for rotavirus, 24·0% (15·1–36·7) for Shigella spp, and 23·4% (13·7–34·3) for adenovirus. Across 204 countries and territories, 141 met the GAPPD mortality target in 2023. The driving aetiologies among countries that did not meet the target in 2023 varied slightly by GBD super-region, but the highest or second-highest number of deaths in children younger than 5 years were consistently attributed to rotavirus. Astrovirus and sapovirus, newly included in GBD 2023, were responsible for 24 600 (6290–49 000) and 18 800 (4650–44 400) deaths, respectively, in 2023, mainly in children younger than 5 years. Interpretation: Our findings show that mortality and ASMRs of enteric infectious diseases declined substantially between 1990 and 2023. This decline is consistent with the expansion of public health measures and broader socioeconomic development. However, the burden in 2023 remains considerably high, with the highest mortality concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Considering that more than a quarter of all countries had yet to meet the GAPPD mortality target in 2023, sustained efforts are needed to address the persistent burden in affected countries and to adapt to the changing global health landscape. Funding: Gates Foundation. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Basic Science Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Tropical Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen; College of Medicine and Health Science, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Medicine Department, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Biology, Salahaddin-Erbil University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine; School of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Landmark General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinic for Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria; Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Al-Ahliyya Amman University (AAU), Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, irbid, Jordan; Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Office of Vice President for Medical and Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Kate Marimon School of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ilesa, Nigeria; Translational Research Collective, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Centre for Health Systems Support and Development, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Center Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, One Brooklyn Health-Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesia, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Arnold School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; School of Arts and Social Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; DHQ Hospital Jhelum, Ministry of Health & Population, Jhelum, Pakistan; Department of Pathobiology and Intergrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Division of Medical Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biosciences, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of General Surgery, School of Surgery Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Health Department, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmaceuticals and Allied Health Sciences, University of Balochistan Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Center for International Health Education, and Biosecurity, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, University Medical Center, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; College of Integrated Health Sciences, Health Policy, Management and Behavior, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Medecins Sans Frontieres - Holland, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States; VentrureBlick, Singapore; Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan; Jordan, Jordan; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Nursing, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, AlBukayriyah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Kuwait, Kuwait; The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research and Scientific Centre, Sultan Bin AbdulAziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Physics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Translational and Precision Medicine Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Respiratory Therapy Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Public Health Department, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Statistics and Informative, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; PEP cluster, World Health Organization (WHO), Katsina, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Family and Community Medicine Department, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcleona, Spain; ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; SRM School of Public Health, Chennai, India; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Advancement Unit (IDERA), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia; Health Science Division, Higher College of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Higher Collage of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cardiologic Intensive Care, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Bio-Medical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania; Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Vaccine and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, Toms River, NJ, United States; Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia; Department on Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Internal Medicine Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Neurology Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Federal Research & Clinic Center of Space Medicine and Biology, Federal Biomedical Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Nazarbayev University, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norway; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine, AdventHealth, Sebring, FL, United States; Institute of Health, Bule Hora university, Bule Hora, Ethiopia; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Deakin Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University System of Georgia, Statesboro, GA, United States; Faculty of Health Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Global Health, Center for Epidemic Research and Outbreak Preparedness, Kampala, Uganda; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Institute of Population and Social Research, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigart, Ethiopia; Ethiopia; College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy; Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin, Palestine; Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, ankara, Turkey; Department of Nephrology, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Public Health Dentistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research and Technology Deputy, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Health Science, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Data Management (BEAD) Core, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland; Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Pediatrics, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea; Research and Scientific Division, Ministry of Health, Free Town, Sierra Leone; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pathological Physiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; DIMEC, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Oromia Health Bureau, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Pharmacy, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Public Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong, Ghana; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, United States; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Kathmandu, United Kingdom; Department of Tuberculosis, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal; College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, United States; College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Translational Medicine (DiMET), University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Community Medicine Department, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India; School of Public health, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; National Institute for Implementation Research on Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Family Medicine Department, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States; School of Education, Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service, Kolkata, India; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Global Health & Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Strep A & ARF Therapeutics Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India; Department of Medical Laboratory, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Global Healthcare Management, York St John University, London, United Kingdom; Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Biological Sciences Department, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Integrated Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice, Italy; Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory Department, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, Palermo, Italy; Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Sociology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University (TSU), Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Gastroenterology Department, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, SA, Australia; School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Amoud University, Hargiesa, Somalia; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; The University of Adelaide, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Geriatric Department, University of Padua, Padova, Italy; Scientific Unit, Endpoints, Panama, Panama; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Infectieziekten in de Eerste Lijn Programme, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico; Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Clinic of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Science, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) in Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia; Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Research and Development, Home in Place, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Unit of Public Health, Local Health Autority of Pescara, Pescara, Italy; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Medical Department, University Farhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria; Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Alison M. Howell Centre for Religion, Environment, Science and Development, Akrofi Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture, Akropong-Akuapem, Ghana; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneural Development, Asante Mampong Campus, Ghana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria; Histology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, Egypt; Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Unit, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Emergency Preparedness & Response (EPR), Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry (UGANC), Conakry, Guinea; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed the First, Oujda, Morocco; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Applied Health Science, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt; Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Zoonoses, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Microbiology and immunology, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt; Department of Virology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Health Sciences Division, Higher Colleges of Technology, AlAin, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Nursing, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo ENo, Nigeria; Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Global Health & Innovation Lab, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Surgery, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bloomberg School of Public Health Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Al Enaya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Sinaw, Oman; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Charité University Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité University Medical Center Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Geography and Geoinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Pakistan; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; The School of Medicine, The University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; School of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Poto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Statistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Healthcare Management, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Laboratory Sciences Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Madurai, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, SIMAD University Mogadishu, Mogadishu, Somalia; Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain; Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India; School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; PA, United States; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; General Office, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Christian Dental College,
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